![]() ![]() In, the flexibility region is visualized by calculating the maximum reactive power output of the VPP given different active power outputs. Different methods have been developed in the literature on calculating the VPP flexibility region. If the flexibility region of the VPP is not enforced in the transmission-level scheduling, on the contrary, the scheduling result determined by the TSO may be infeasible for the distribution system and thus lead to power mismatch at the transmission-distribution boundary. With the flexibility region, the VPP can be scheduled by the TSO just like a conventional generator to ensure that the scheduling result is feasible. Imitating the P-Q capability chart (also known as the D-curve, capability curve) of a synchronous generator, the flexibility region of the VPP is defined as the set of P and Q power exchanged at the substation of the distribution system that can be executed without violating internal operating limits. The flexibility region of the VPP is first investigated in. This topic receives growing attention in recent literature. To allow maximum access to the distributed flexibility while securing the local system operation, it is crucial to estimate the allowable range of active (P) and reactive (Q) power flexibility that the distribution system can provide subject to internal operating limits. ![]() To coordinate the flexibility provision and the local utilization of DERs, other schemes including the federated VPP and transactive energy have also been studied in the recent literature. In the literature, the bidding strategy, dispatch model, and coordination scheme of the VPP have also receive massive studies. Owing to this advantage, the VPP has been successfully launched in some real-world projects, for example, the FENIX project in Europe, the Jibei VPP pilot project in China. This feature is increasingly important as DERs begin to replace both the energy and capacity of centralized generators. Under the paradigm of the VPP, DERs connected to the distribution network can not only supply the local electricity demand but also benefit the transmission system operation by providing flexibility support. The VPP aggregates operating characteristics of DERs and the distribution network into a single profile, which provides a succinct interface for the system-wide utilization of customer-sited DERs. The virtual power plant (VPP) is a promising scheme to facilitate the coordination between transmission and distribution systems. With these changes, close coordination between the transmission and distribution systems will be mandatory to improve the operation efficiency and maintain the operation security. Second, the installation of information and communication infrastructures enables the flexible response from electricity consumers and the active management of distribution systems. First, small-scale distributed energy resources (DER) penetrated in lower voltage distribution networks are replacing large-scale centralized power plants, causing the scarcity of reliable capacity support. Under the trends of decarbonization and sustainable development, the power system is undergoing some foundational evolutions. Case studies based on IEEE-33 and IEEE-123 test feeders with real-world operation data validate the proposed framework. A convex hull-based method with an explicit accuracy guarantee is proposed to approximate the flexibility region with the DLR. With the DLR, the current carrying capacity of the distribution network is dynamically adjusted based on actual environmental conditions, which helps to remove barriers from transmission limits that hinder the integration of distributed flexibility. The flexibility region of the VPP is defined as the allowable range of active and reactive power output that the VPP can execute subject to operating constraints of the internal system. To facilitate the flexibility provision of the VPP while securing the operation of the local system, this paper leverages the dynamic line rating (DLR) to enlarge the VPP flexibility region. The flexibility provision capability of the VPP is restricted by technical operating limits of the distribution system to which distributed resources are connected. ![]() The virtual power plant (VPP) can aggregate small-scale distributed resources to provide flexibility for the transmission system. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution.IET Electrical Systems in Transportation.IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications.IET Collaborative Intelligent Manufacturing.CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology. ![]()
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